Count total set bits in all numbers from 1 to n
Given a positive integer n, count the total number of set bits in binary representation of all numbers from 1 to n.
Examples:
Input: n = 3
Output: 4
Input: n = 6
Output: 9
Input: n = 7
Output: 12
Input: n = 8
Output: 13
Source: Amazon Interview Question
Method 1 (Simple)
A simple solution is to run a loop from 1 to n and sum the count of set bits in all numbers from 1 to n.
C++
// A simple program to count set bits // in all numbers from 1 to n. #include <stdio.h> � �// A utility function to count set bits // in a number x unsigned int countSetBitsUtil(unsigned int x); � �// Returns count of set bits present in all // numbers from 1 to n unsigned int countSetBits(unsigned int n) { ���� int bitCount = 0; // initialize the result � ����� for ( int i = 1; i <= n; i++) �������� bitCount += countSetBitsUtil(i); � ����� return bitCount; } � �// A utility function to count set bits� // in a number x unsigned int countSetBitsUtil(unsigned int x) { ���� if (x <= 0) �������� return 0; ���� return (x % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 1) + countSetBitsUtil(x / 2); } � �// Driver program to test above functions int main() { ���� int n = 4; ���� printf ( "Total set bit count is %d" , countSetBits(n)); ���� return 0; } |
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Java
// A simple program to count set bits // in all numbers from 1 to n. � �class GFG{ � ����� // Returns count of set bits present ���� //� in all numbers from 1 to n ���� static int countSetBits( int n) ���� { �������� // initialize the result �������� int bitCount = 0 ; ����� ��������� for ( int i = 1 ; i <= n; i++) ������������ bitCount += countSetBitsUtil(i); ����� ��������� return bitCount; ���� } ����� ����� // A utility function to count set bits� ���� // in a number x ���� static int countSetBitsUtil( int x) ���� { �������� if (x <= 0 ) ������������ return 0 ; �������� return (x % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 1 ) +� ��������������� countSetBitsUtil(x / 2 ); ���� } ����� ����� // Driver program� ���� public static void main(String[] args) ���� { �������� int n = 4 ; �������� System.out.print( "Total set bit count is " ); �������� System.out.print(countSetBits(n)); ���� } } � �// This code is contributed by // Smitha Dinesh Semwal |
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Python3
# A simple program to count set bits # in all numbers from 1 to n. � �# Returns count of set bits present in all # numbers from 1 to n def countSetBits(n): ����� ����� # initialize the result ���� bitCount = 0 �� ����� for i in range ( 1 , n + 1 ): �������� bitCount + = countSetBitsUtil(i) � ����� return bitCount � �� �# A utility function to count set bits� # in a number x def countSetBitsUtil(x): � ����� if (x < = 0 ): �������� return 0 ���� return ( 0 if int (x % 2 ) = = 0 else 1 ) + � countSetBitsUtil( int (x / 2 )) � �� �# Driver program if __name__ = = '__main__' :� ���� n = 4 ���� print ( "Total set bit count is" , countSetBits(n)) ������ �# This code is contributed by # Smitha Dinesh Semwal���� |
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C#
// A simple C# program to count set bits // in all numbers from 1 to n. using System; � �class GFG { ���� // Returns count of set bits present ���� // in all numbers from 1 to n ���� static int countSetBits( int n) ���� { �������� // initialize the result �������� int bitCount = 0; ����� ��������� for ( int i = 1; i <= n; i++) ������������ bitCount += countSetBitsUtil(i); ����� ��������� return bitCount; ���� } ����� ����� // A utility function to count set bits� ���� // in a number x ���� static int countSetBitsUtil( int x) ���� { �������� if (x <= 0) ������������ return 0; �������� return (x % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 1) +� ������������ countSetBitsUtil(x / 2); ���� } ����� ����� // Driver program� ���� public static void Main() ���� { �������� int n = 4; �������� Console.Write( "Total set bit count is " ); �������� Console.Write(countSetBits(n)); ���� } } � �// This code is contributed by Sam007 |
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PHP
<?php� // A simple program to count set bits // in all numbers from 1 to n. � �// Returns count of set bits present� // in all numbers from 1 to n function countSetBits( $n ) { ���� $bitCount = 0; // initialize the result � ����� for ( $i = 1; $i <= $n ; $i ++) �������� $bitCount += countSetBitsUtil( $i ); � ����� return $bitCount ; } � �// A utility function to count� // set bits in a number x function countSetBitsUtil( $x ) { ���� if ( $x <= 0) �������� return 0; ���� return ( $x % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 1) +� ������������ countSetBitsUtil( $x / 2); } � �// Driver Code $n = 4; echo "Total set bit count is " .� ��������������� countSetBits( $n ); � �// This code is contributed by ChitraNayal ?> |
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Output:
Total set bit count is 5
Time Complexity: O(nLogn)
Method 2 (Simple and efficient than Method 1)
If we observe bits from rightmost side at distance i than bits get inverted after 2^i position in vertical sequence.
for example n = 5;
0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
Observe the right most bit (i = 0) the bits get flipped after (2^0 = 1)
Observe the 3nd rightmost bit (i = 2) the bits get flipped after (2^2 = 4)
So, We can count bits in vertical fashion such that at i?th right most position bits will be get flipped after 2^i iteration;
C++
#include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; � �// Function which counts set bits from 0 to n int countSetBits( int n) { ���� int i = 0; � ����� // ans store sum of set bits from 0 to n�� ���� int ans = 0;� � ����� // while n greater than equal to 2^i ���� while ((1 << i) <= n) { � ��������� // This k will get flipped after� �������� // 2^i iterations �������� bool k = 0; � ��������� // change is iterator from 2^i to 1 �������� int change = 1 << i; � ��������� // This will loop from 0 to n for �������� // every bit position �������� for ( int j = 0; j <= n; j++) { � ������������� ans += k; � ������������� if (change == 1) { ���������������� k = !k; // When change = 1 flip the bit ���������������� change = 1 << i; // again set change to 2^i ������������ } ������������ else { ���������������� change--; ������������ } �������� } � ��������� // increment the position �������� i++; ���� } � ����� return ans; } � �// Main Function int main() { ���� int n = 17; ���� cout << countSetBits(n) << endl; ���� return 0; } |
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Java
public class GFG { ����� ����� // Function which counts set bits from 0 to n ���� static int countSetBits( int n) ���� { �������� int i = 0 ; � ��������� // ans store sum of set bits from 0 to n �������� int ans = 0 ; � ��������� // while n greater than equal to 2^i �������� while (( 1 << i) <= n) { � ������������� // This k will get flipped after ������������ // 2^i iterations ������������ boolean k = false ; � ������������� // change is iterator from 2^i to 1 ������������ int change = 1 << i; � ������������� // This will loop from 0 to n for ������������ // every bit position ������������ for ( int j = 0 ; j <= n; j++) { � ����������������� if (k == true ) �������������������� ans += 1 ; ���������������� else �������������������� ans += 0 ; � ����������������� if (change == 1 ) { ��������������������� ��������������������� // When change = 1 flip the bit �������������������� k = !k;� ��������������������� ��������������������� // again set change to 2^i �������������������� change = 1 << i;� ���������������� } ���������������� else { �������������������� change--; ���������������� } ������������ } � ������������� // increment the position ������������ i++; �������� } � ��������� return ans; ���� } � ����� // Driver program ���� public static void main(String[] args) ���� { �������� int n = 17 ; ��������� ��������� System.out.println(countSetBits(n)); ���� } } � �// This code is contributed by Sam007. |
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Python3
# Function which counts set bits from 0 to n� def countSetBits(n) : ���� i = 0 � ����� # ans store sum of set bits from 0 to n�� ���� ans = 0 � ����� # while n greater than equal to 2^i ���� while (( 1 << i) < = n) : � ��������� # This k will get flipped after�� �������� # 2^i iterations� �������� k = 0 � ��������� # change is iterator from 2^i to 1 �������� change = 1 << i � ��������� # This will loop from 0 to n for� �������� # every bit position� �������� for j in range ( 0 , n + 1 ) : ������������ ans + = k � ������������� if change = = 1 : ����������������� ����������������� #� When change = 1 flip the bit� ���������������� k = not k � ����������������� # again set change to 2^i� ���������������� change = 1 << i � ������������� else : ���������������� change - = 1 � ��������� # increment the position� �������� i + = 1 � ����� return ans � �� �� �# Driver code if __name__ = = "__main__" : � ����� n = 17 ���� print (countSetBits(n)) �� �# This code is contributed by ANKITRAI1 |
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C#
using System; � �class GFG { ���� static int countSetBits( int n) ���� { �������� int i = 0; � ��������� // ans store sum of set bits from 0 to n �������� int ans = 0; � ��������� // while n greater than equal to 2^i �������� while ((1 << i) <= n) { � ������������� // This k will get flipped after ������������ // 2^i iterations ������������ bool k = false ; � ������������� // change is iterator from 2^i to 1 ������������ int change = 1 << i; � ������������� // This will loop from 0 to n for ������������ // every bit position ������������ for ( int j = 0; j <= n; j++) { � ����������������� if (k == true ) �������������������� ans += 1; ���������������� else �������������������� ans += 0; � ����������������� if (change == 1) { ��������������������� ��������������������� // When change = 1 flip the bit �������������������� k = !k;� ��������������������� ��������������������� // again set change to 2^i �������������������� change = 1 << i;� ���������������� } ���������������� else { �������������������� change--; ���������������� } ������������ } � ������������� // increment the position ������������ i++; �������� } � ��������� return ans; ���� } � ����� // Driver program ���� static void Main() ���� { �������� int n = 17; �������� Console.Write(countSetBits(n)); ���� } } � �// This code is contributed by Sam007 |
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PHP
<?php // Function which counts� // set bits from 0 to n function countSetBits( $n ) { ���� $i = 0; � ����� // ans store sum of set� ���� // bits from 0 to n� ���� $ans = 0;� � ����� // while n greater than� ���� // equal to 2^i ���� while ((1 << $i ) <= $n ) ���� { � ��������� // This k will get flipped� �������� // after 2^i iterations �������� $k = 0; � ��������� // change is iterator �������� // from 2^i to 1 �������� $change = 1 << $i ; � ��������� // This will loop from 0 to n� �������� // for every bit position �������� for ( $j = 0; $j <= $n ; $j ++)� �������� { ������������ $ans += $k ; � ������������� if ( $change == 1)� ������������ { ���������������� // When change = 1 flip ���������������� // the bit ���������������� $k = ! $k ;� ����������������� ����������������� // again set change to 2^i ���������������� $change = 1 << $i ;� ������������ } ������������ else ������������� { ���������������� $change --; ������������ } �������� } � ��������� // increment the position �������� $i ++; ���� } � ����� return $ans ; } � �// Driver code $n = 17; echo (countSetBits( $n )); � �// This code is contributed by Smitha ?> |
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Output:
35
Time Complexity: O(k*n)
where k = number of bits to represent number n
k <= 64
Method 3 (Tricky)
If the input number is of the form 2^b -1 e.g., 1, 3, 7, 15.. etc, the number of set bits is b * 2^(b-1). This is because for all the numbers 0 to (2^b)-1, if you complement and flip the list you end up with the same list (half the bits are on, half off).
If the number does not have all set bits, then some position m is the position of leftmost set bit. The number of set bits in that position is n ? (1 << m) + 1. The remaining set bits are in two parts:
1) The bits in the (m-1) positions down to the point where the leftmost bit becomes 0, and
2) The 2^(m-1) numbers below that point, which is the closed form above.
An easy way to look at it is to consider the number 6:
0|0 0
0|0 1
0|1 0
0|1 1
-|--
1|0 0
1|0 1
1|1 0
The leftmost set bit is in position 2 (positions are considered starting from 0). If we mask that off what remains is 2 (the ?1 0? in the right part of the last row.) So the number of bits in the 2nd position (the lower left box) is 3 (that is, 2 + 1). The set bits from 0-3 (the upper right box above) is 2*2^(2-1) = 4. The box in the lower right is the remaining bits we haven?t yet counted, and is the number of set bits for all the numbers up to 2 (the value of the last entry in the lower right box) which can be figured recursively.
// A O(Logn) complexity program to count� // set bits in all numbers from 1 to n #include <stdio.h> � �/* Returns position of leftmost set bit. ��� The rightmost position is considered� ��� as 0 */ unsigned int getLeftmostBit( int n) { ���� int m = 0; ���� while (n > 1) { �������� n = n >> 1; �������� m++; ���� } ���� return m; } � �/* Given the position of previous leftmost ��� set bit in n (or an upper bound on� ��� leftmost position) returns the new ��� position of leftmost set bit in n� */ unsigned int getNextLeftmostBit( int n, int m) { ���� unsigned int temp = 1 << m; ���� while (n < temp) { �������� temp = temp >> 1; �������� m--; ���� } ���� return m; } � �// The main recursive function used by countSetBits() unsigned int _countSetBits(unsigned int n, int m); � �// Returns count of set bits present in // all numbers from 1 to n unsigned int countSetBits(unsigned int n) { ���� // Get the position of leftmost set� ���� // bit in n. This will be used as an� ���� // upper bound for next set bit function ���� int m = getLeftmostBit(n); � ����� // Use the position ���� return _countSetBits(n, m); } � �unsigned int _countSetBits(unsigned int n, int m) { ���� // Base Case: if n is 0, then set bit� ���� // count is 0 ���� if (n == 0) �������� return 0; � ����� /* get position of next leftmost set bit */ ���� m = getNextLeftmostBit(n, m); � ����� // If n is of the form 2^x-1, i.e., if n� ���� // is like 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, .. etc, ���� // then we are done. ���� // Since positions are considered starting� ���� // from 0, 1 is added to m ���� if (n == ((unsigned int )1 << (m + 1)) - 1) �������� return (unsigned int )(m + 1) * (1 << m); � ����� // update n for next recursive call ���� n = n - (1 << m); ���� return (n + 1) + countSetBits(n) + m * (1 << (m - 1)); } � �// Driver program to test above functions int main() { ���� int n = 17; ���� printf ( "Total set bit count is %d" , countSetBits(n)); ���� return 0; } |
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Total set bit count is 35
Time Complexity: O(Logn). From the first look at the implementation, time complexity looks more. But if we take a closer look, statements inside while loop of getNextLeftmostBit() are executed for all 0 bits in n. And the number of times recursion is executed is less than or equal to set bits in n. In other words, if the control goes inside while loop of getNextLeftmostBit(), then it skips those many bits in recursion.
Thanks to agatsu and IC for suggesting this solution.
Here is another solution suggested by Piyush Kapoor.
A simple solution , using the fact that for the ith least significant bit, answer will be
(N/2^i)*2^(i-1)+ X
where
X = N%(2^i)-(2^(i-1)-1)
iff
N%(2^i)>=(2^(i-1)-1)
int getSetBitsFromOneToN( int N){ ���� int two = 2,ans = 0; ���� int n = N; ���� while (n){ �������� ans += (N/two)*(two>>1); �������� if ((N&(two-1)) > (two>>1)-1) ans += (N&(two-1)) - (two>>1)+1; �������� two <<= 1; �������� n >>= 1; ���� } ���� return ans; } |
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